Techniques for the Evaluation of Loads on the Forearm Prior to Impact in Tennis Strokes

Abstract

This paper describes techniques developed to permit the evaluation of loadings on the forearm of a tennis player immediately prior to ball/racket impact. Kinematic data were obtained using high-speed three-dimensional cinematography. A specially instrumented racket permitted the quantification of finger gripping forces. Relative magnitudes of the various sources of forearm loading (inertial effects, gripping forces, etc.) were evaluated. Optimization techniques were used to estimate individual muscle forces in the forearm. The results correlate reasonably well with observed patterns of muscle electromyographic activity. Limitations of the current analytical model and experimental techniques are discussed along with planned improvements.