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    Warm and Cold Heading of Stainless Steel

    Source: Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology:;1975:;volume( 097 ):;issue: 002::page 136
    Author:
    J. L. Tevaarwerk
    ,
    R. Sowerby
    ,
    A. Plumtree
    DOI: 10.1115/1.3443273
    Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Abstract: A series of warm and cold heading tests ranging from room temperature to 400 deg C have been conducted on 305 and copper bearing 302 stainless steel wires as well as 0.2 percent C steel wire using a fully instrumented double blow Waterbury-Farrel machine heading 100 blanks per minute. Total and frictional forces developed during the first blow using a variety of lubricants, together with the second blow loads have been recorded. The effectiveness of the different lubricants employed was examined. The optimum blank temperature for warm heading stainless steel is in the range 200 to 400 deg C where the punch loads are reduced about 25/30 percent, compared to cold heading. Within this temperature range the friction coefficient for the copper coated stainless steel possessing a stearate film on the surface remains relatively low (μ ∼ 0.01/0.02). Reduced punch loads are shown to effect an increase in punch life. For all temperatures the heading loads for the copper bearing 302 stainless steel were lower than for 305 stainless steel. Both these materials exhibit a weak dynamic strain aging effect compared with plain carbon steel. In fact the heading loads were higher between 300 deg and 400 deg C for the plain carbon steel. At room temperature components made from both copper bearing 302 stainless steel and 305 stainless steel possessed fewer shear cracks when employing the former material and this effect is attributed to a lower strain hardening rate.
    keyword(s): Stainless steel , Stress , Temperature , Copper , Bearings , Blanks , Wire , Lubricants , Carbon steel , Force , Friction , Machinery , Steel , Shear (Mechanics) , Fracture (Materials) AND Work hardening ,
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      Warm and Cold Heading of Stainless Steel

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    http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/87532
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    • Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology

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    contributor authorJ. L. Tevaarwerk
    contributor authorR. Sowerby
    contributor authorA. Plumtree
    date accessioned2017-05-08T22:58:43Z
    date available2017-05-08T22:58:43Z
    date copyrightApril, 1975
    date issued1975
    identifier issn0094-4289
    identifier otherJEMTA8-26840#136_1.pdf
    identifier urihttp://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl/handle/yetl/87532
    description abstractA series of warm and cold heading tests ranging from room temperature to 400 deg C have been conducted on 305 and copper bearing 302 stainless steel wires as well as 0.2 percent C steel wire using a fully instrumented double blow Waterbury-Farrel machine heading 100 blanks per minute. Total and frictional forces developed during the first blow using a variety of lubricants, together with the second blow loads have been recorded. The effectiveness of the different lubricants employed was examined. The optimum blank temperature for warm heading stainless steel is in the range 200 to 400 deg C where the punch loads are reduced about 25/30 percent, compared to cold heading. Within this temperature range the friction coefficient for the copper coated stainless steel possessing a stearate film on the surface remains relatively low (μ ∼ 0.01/0.02). Reduced punch loads are shown to effect an increase in punch life. For all temperatures the heading loads for the copper bearing 302 stainless steel were lower than for 305 stainless steel. Both these materials exhibit a weak dynamic strain aging effect compared with plain carbon steel. In fact the heading loads were higher between 300 deg and 400 deg C for the plain carbon steel. At room temperature components made from both copper bearing 302 stainless steel and 305 stainless steel possessed fewer shear cracks when employing the former material and this effect is attributed to a lower strain hardening rate.
    publisherThe American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    titleWarm and Cold Heading of Stainless Steel
    typeJournal Paper
    journal volume97
    journal issue2
    journal titleJournal of Engineering Materials and Technology
    identifier doi10.1115/1.3443273
    journal fristpage136
    journal lastpage143
    identifier eissn1528-8889
    keywordsStainless steel
    keywordsStress
    keywordsTemperature
    keywordsCopper
    keywordsBearings
    keywordsBlanks
    keywordsWire
    keywordsLubricants
    keywordsCarbon steel
    keywordsForce
    keywordsFriction
    keywordsMachinery
    keywordsSteel
    keywordsShear (Mechanics)
    keywordsFracture (Materials) AND Work hardening
    treeJournal of Engineering Materials and Technology:;1975:;volume( 097 ):;issue: 002
    contenttypeFulltext
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