Response of Thoraco-Abdominal Tissue in High-Rate Compression

Abstract

Body armor is used to protect the human from penetrating injuries, however, in the process of defeating a projectile, the back face of the armor can deform into the wearer at extremely high rates. This deformation can cause a variety of soft and hard tissue injuries. Finite element modeling (FEM) represents one of the best tools to predict injuries from this high-rate compression mechanism. However, the validity of a model is reliant on accurate material properties for biological tissues. In this study, we measured the stress–strain response of thoraco-abdominal tissue during high-rate compression (1000 and 1900 s−1) using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). High-rate material properties of porcine adipose, heart, spleen, and stomach tissue were characterized. At a strain rate of 1000 s−1, adipose (E = 4.7 MPa) had the most compliant stress–strain response, followed by spleen (E = 9.6 MPa), and then heart tissue (E = 13.6 MPa). At a strain rate of 1900 s−1, adipose (E = 7.3 MPa) had the most compliant stress–strain response, followed by spleen (E = 10.7 MPa), heart (E = 14.1 MPa), and stomach (E = 32.6 MPa) tissue. Only adipose tissue demonstrated a consistent rate dependence for these high strain rates, with a stiffer response at 1900 s−1 compared to 1000 s−1. However, comparison of all these tissues to previously published quasi-static and intermediate dynamic experiments revealed a strong rate dependence with increasing stress response from quasi-static to dynamic to high strain rates. Together, these findings can be used to develop a more accurate finite element model of high-rate compression injuries.