Optical and Numerical Investigation of Flame Propagation in a Heavy Duty Spark Ignited Natural Gas Engine With a BowlinPiston Chamber

Abstract

Increasing the natural gas (NG) use in heavyduty engines is beneficial for reducing greenhousegas emissions from power generation and transportation. However, converting compression ignition (CI) engines to NG spark ignition operation can increase methane emissions without expensive aftertreatment, thereby defeating the purpose of utilizing a low carbon fuel. The widely accepted explanation for the low combustion efficiency in such retrofitted engines is the lower laminar flame speed of natural gas. In addition, diesel engine's larger bowl size compared to the traditional gasoline engines increases the flame travel length inside the chamber and extends the combustion duration. Optical measurements in this study suggested a fastpropagating flame developed even at extremely lean operation. A threedimensional numerical simulation showed that the squish region of the bowlinpiston chamber generated a high turbulence intensity inside the bowl. However, the flame propagation speed reduced by 55% when transiting from the bowl to the squish region, due to the large decrease in turbulence intensity inside the squish region. Moreover, the squish volume trapped an important fuel fraction, which experienced a slow and inefficient burning process during the expansion stroke. This resulted in increased methane emissions and reduced combustion efficiency. Overall, it was the specifics of the combustion inside a bowlinpiston chamber not the methane's slow laminar flame speed that contributed to the low methane combustion efficiency for the retrofitted engine. The results suggest that optimizing the chamber shape is paramount to boost engine efficiency and decrease its emissions.