Reformulation of the Drought Code in the Canadian Fire Weather Index System Implemented in New Zealand

Abstract

he fire danger rating system implemented in New Zealand is the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System developed 40 years ago for Canadian temperate forests. Issues have been raised in relation to this system when applied in other regions with different climate and vegetation environments. For the first time, two methods were proposed for improving the Drought Code (DC) component of the FWI System for New Zealand. The first method (PotE) employs a potential evaporation (PE) scheme that considers wind speed, surface air stability, and water vapor mixing ratio gradient. The second method (soilM) uses soil moisture. For the latter, when soil moisture is derived from observations, the calculated DC represents the actual drought status of the soil. DC and FWI have been calculated with the original and the two new DC methods at 28 climate stations in New Zealand for a pair of 2-yr periods. The Joint U.K. Land Environment Simulator (JULES) was run to provide the PE and soil moisture for the two methods. The original DC method underestimated the drought status in New Zealand, especially in summer, leading to underestimation of FWI. The PotE method significantly overestimated the drought status in summer. The errors in the calculated drought status and FWI were largely reduced by using the soilM method with simulated soil moisture from JULES. In this paper, the reasons for this reduction in error are investigated by testing the sensitivity of DC to surface evaporation and to soil parameters. Potential benefit is found from using the proposed soilM method for monitoring drought status and for FWI calculations.