The Quartic Piecewise Linear Criterion for the Multiaxial Yield Behavior of Human Trabecular Bone

Abstract

Prior multiaxial strength studies on trabecular bone have either not addressed large variations in bone volume fraction and microarchitecture, or have not addressed the full range of multiaxial stress states. Addressing these limitations, we utilized microcomputed tomography (خ¼CT) based nonlinear finite element analysis to investigate the complete 3D multiaxial failure behavior of ten specimens (5 mm cube) of human trabecular bone, taken from three anatomic sites and spanning a wide range of bone volume fraction (0.09–0.36), mechanical anisotropy (range of E3/E1 = 3.0–12.0), and microarchitecture. We found that most of the observed variation in multiaxial strength behavior could be accounted for by normalizing the multiaxial strength by specimenspecific values of uniaxial strength (tension, compression in the longitudinal and transverse directions). Scatter between specimens was reduced further when the normalized multiaxial strength was described in strain space. The resulting multiaxial failure envelope in this normalizedstrain space had a rectangular boxlike shape for normal–normal loading and either a rhomboidal boxlike shape or a triangular shape for normalshear loading, depending on the loading direction. The finite element data were well described by a single quartic yield criterion in the 6D normalizedstrain space combined with a piecewise linear yield criterion in two planes for normalshear loading (mean error آ±â€‰SD: 4.6 آ±â€‰0.8% for the finite element data versus the criterion). This multiaxial yield criterion in normalizedstrain space can be used to describe the complete 3D multiaxial failure behavior of human trabecular bone across a wide range of bone volume fraction, mechanical anisotropy, and microarchitecture.