Dynamic Properties of Human Stapedial Annular Ligament Measured With Frequency–Temperature Superposition

Abstract

Stapedial annular ligament (SAL) is located at the end of human ear ossicular chain and provides a sealed but mobile boundary between the stapes footplate and cochlear fluid. Mechanical properties of the SAL directly affect the acousticmechanical transmission of the middle ear and the changes of SAL mechanical properties in diseases (e.g., otosclerosis) may cause severe conductive hearing loss. However, the mechanical properties of SAL have only been reported once in the literature, which were obtained under quasistatic condition (Gan, R. Z., Yang, F., Zhang, X., and Nakmali, D., 2011, “Mechanical Properties of Stapedial Annular Ligament,â€‌ Med. Eng. Phys., 33, pp. 330–339). Recently, the dynamic properties of human SAL were measured in our lab using dynamicmechanical analyzer (DMA). The test was conducted at the frequency range from 1 to 40 Hz at three different temperatures: 5 آ°C, 25 آ°C, and 37 آ°C. The frequency–temperature superposition (FTS) principle was applied to extend the testing frequency range to a much higher level. The generalized Maxwell model was employed to describe the constitutive relation of the SAL. The storage shear modulus G′ and the loss shear modulus G″ were obtained from seven specimens. The mean storage shear modulus was 31.7 kPa at 1 Hz and 61.9 kPa at 3760 Hz. The mean loss shear modulus was 1.1 kPa at 1 Hz and 6.5 kPa at 3760 Hz. The dynamic properties of human SAL obtained in this study provide a better description of the damping behavior of soft tissues than the classic Rayleigh type damping, which was widely used in the published ear models. The data reported in this study contribute to ear biomechanics and will improve the accuracy of finite element (FE) model of the human ear.