Abstract: Surface wind stresses are fundamental to understanding El Niño, yet most observational stress products are too short to permit multidecadal ENSO studies. Two exceptions are the Florida State University subjective analysis ...

Abstract: AbstractFocusing on ENSO seasonal phase locking, diversity in peak location, and propagation direction, as well as the El Niño?La Niña asymmetry in amplitude, duration, and transition, a set of empirical probabilistic ...

Abstract: he El Niño?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibits well-known asymmetries: 1) warm events are stronger than cold events, 2) strong warm events are more likely to be followed by cold events than vice versa, and 3) cold events ...

Abstract: he amplitude of El Niño?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) displays pronounced interdecadal modulations in observations. The mechanisms for the amplitude modulation are investigated using a 2000-yr preindustrial control integration ...

Abstract: egional surface temperature trends from phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) and CMIP5 twentieth-century runs are compared with observations?at spatial scales ranging from global averages to individual ...

Abstract: Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in the equatorial Pacific are known to play a significant role in the development of El Niño events. They have typically been treated as a purely stochastic external forcing of ENSO. Recent ...

Abstract: he observed equatorial Pacific zonal wind response during El Niño tends to be stronger than during La Niña. Most global coupled climate models in phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) exhibit such nonlinearity, although weaker than ...