Abstract: The rates for breaking the bond between ice and road surfaces are measured as a function of temperature, type of road surface, and chemical application. Surfaces of asphalt, concrete, and brick give indistinguishable ...

Abstract: Experimental measurements of the rates at which sodium chloride, calcium chloride, urea, and calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) penetrate ice are consistent with a theory developed to predict this rate. These measurements and ...