Upcycling of Waste Materials: Green Binder Prepared with Pure Coal Fly Ash

Abstract

Extensive studies have focused on the beneficial use of coal fly ashes (CFAs) as a partial replacement for cement in concretes or mortars, in the effort of reducing the environmental footprint and embodied energy of concrete materials while removing CFAs from the waste stream. In this study, a pure fly ash paste (PFAP) was developed in place of ordinary portland cement paste (OPCP). This PFAP was prepared at room temperature and without direct alkali activation, unlike geopolymer or other fly-ash-based cementitious materials that need to be cured at a relatively high temperature or activated by alkalis. The samples were prepared using only the as-received class C coal fly ash, water, and a very small amount of borax (