Metal Decontamination of Soil, Sediment, and Sewage Sludge by Means of Transition Metal Chelant [S,S]-EDDS

Abstract

The biodegradable strong transition metal chelant [S,S] stereoisomer of ethylenediamine disuccinate was investigated for its applicability for the washing extraction of heavy metals from soil, sewage sludge, and harbor sediment. Heavy metals Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd were extracted from authentically polluted samples by means of an ex situ washing procedure at the laboratory scale. The exposure time necessary to achieve maximum metal extraction from the authentically polluted solids used in this study was longer than that reported elsewhere with solids polluted artificially in the laboratory. Required exposure time was 1 day for the extraction of Pb, 3 days for Zn, and 6 days for Cu, irrespective of solid type. Speed and extent of metal extraction were increased by facilitating mass transfer from the solids to the liquid (e.g., by lowering calcium concentration, increasing temperature, adding fatty acid soap, and most of all, by using intermittent but intense agitation). Slightly alkaline pH was necessary to eliminate the interference by iron. This pH effect as well as observed metal selectivity was explained with a speciation model. It was feasible to achieve 70–90% extraction of Zn, Pb, and Cu from all three solids tested. These extraction efficiencies were equal or superior to those obtained with the benchmark chelants, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetate, provided extraction time was sufficient.