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    Hygrothermal Aging of Pultruded Fiber–Polymer Composite with Predictions for Design Service Lives

    Source: Journal of Composites for Construction:;2025:;Volume ( 029 ):;issue: 001::page 04024088-1
    Author:
    Behrouz Zafari
    ,
    J. Toby Mottram
    ,
    Phil Purnell
    ,
    Sotirios Grammatikos
    ,
    Mark Evernden
    DOI: 10.1061/JCCOF2.CCENG-4854
    Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers
    Abstract: This study presents the findings from an in-depth study into the influence of hygrothermal aging on the material properties of a pultruded flat sheet composite composed of electrical-corrosion resistant (E-CR) glass fibers and an unsaturated polyester-based matrix. By discussing the impact of hygrothermal aging across 10 material properties, assessing the suitability of test procedures, and presenting a framework, this study evaluates the suitability of the experimental test results for use with two service life models. This study offers an open and critical evaluation of the currently accepted methods. Across 102 batches, which consist of 476 coupons, immersed in distilled water at 25°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C, with exposure times of 28, 56, 112 and 224 days, the changes in tensile, compressive, in-plane shear, and pin-bearing properties are evaluated alongside mass changes. An understanding is discussed of the relationships that were obtained for moisture uptake and for material property retentions over time, which identified evidence termed nonconsistent fluctuating trends. This study highlights the possibility of misleading results that arise from the impact of the forced drying of coupons before coupon testing. For longitudinal tensile properties, a direct comparison is made between coupons termed Dried and Wet (to represent field conditions) coupons, which indicates the need for careful consideration in characterization work for the determination of the long-term material properties of composites. With the development of a framework for the evaluation of two service life prediction models, the quality of 11 sets of experimental results is evaluated. Using the four most reliable sets of predictions, the acceleration factors and service lifetimes are reported. From the evaluation of the experimental findings, testing methodologies, and the application of service life prediction techniques, this study puts forward an understanding of how to execute experimental programs with accelerated aging with the aim of obtaining meaningful test results for the long-term material properties of fiber–polymer composites. The contribution of this study to the knowledge and understanding of how the mechanical properties of fiber–polymer composites might change over time due to the durability effects of moisture and temperature is important for the determination of adjustment factors for end-user conditions in North American standards and the conversion factors for moisture and temperature effects in the Eurocode standard. These factors are used in structural design codes to adjust the short-term material properties (characteristic values) so that the design values of material properties might be appropriate to the service lives of fiber–polymer composite structures of approximately 50 years.
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      Hygrothermal Aging of Pultruded Fiber–Polymer Composite with Predictions for Design Service Lives

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    http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4304728
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    contributor authorBehrouz Zafari
    contributor authorJ. Toby Mottram
    contributor authorPhil Purnell
    contributor authorSotirios Grammatikos
    contributor authorMark Evernden
    date accessioned2025-04-20T10:26:30Z
    date available2025-04-20T10:26:30Z
    date copyright10/25/2024 12:00:00 AM
    date issued2025
    identifier otherJCCOF2.CCENG-4854.pdf
    identifier urihttp://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4304728
    description abstractThis study presents the findings from an in-depth study into the influence of hygrothermal aging on the material properties of a pultruded flat sheet composite composed of electrical-corrosion resistant (E-CR) glass fibers and an unsaturated polyester-based matrix. By discussing the impact of hygrothermal aging across 10 material properties, assessing the suitability of test procedures, and presenting a framework, this study evaluates the suitability of the experimental test results for use with two service life models. This study offers an open and critical evaluation of the currently accepted methods. Across 102 batches, which consist of 476 coupons, immersed in distilled water at 25°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C, with exposure times of 28, 56, 112 and 224 days, the changes in tensile, compressive, in-plane shear, and pin-bearing properties are evaluated alongside mass changes. An understanding is discussed of the relationships that were obtained for moisture uptake and for material property retentions over time, which identified evidence termed nonconsistent fluctuating trends. This study highlights the possibility of misleading results that arise from the impact of the forced drying of coupons before coupon testing. For longitudinal tensile properties, a direct comparison is made between coupons termed Dried and Wet (to represent field conditions) coupons, which indicates the need for careful consideration in characterization work for the determination of the long-term material properties of composites. With the development of a framework for the evaluation of two service life prediction models, the quality of 11 sets of experimental results is evaluated. Using the four most reliable sets of predictions, the acceleration factors and service lifetimes are reported. From the evaluation of the experimental findings, testing methodologies, and the application of service life prediction techniques, this study puts forward an understanding of how to execute experimental programs with accelerated aging with the aim of obtaining meaningful test results for the long-term material properties of fiber–polymer composites. The contribution of this study to the knowledge and understanding of how the mechanical properties of fiber–polymer composites might change over time due to the durability effects of moisture and temperature is important for the determination of adjustment factors for end-user conditions in North American standards and the conversion factors for moisture and temperature effects in the Eurocode standard. These factors are used in structural design codes to adjust the short-term material properties (characteristic values) so that the design values of material properties might be appropriate to the service lives of fiber–polymer composite structures of approximately 50 years.
    publisherAmerican Society of Civil Engineers
    titleHygrothermal Aging of Pultruded Fiber–Polymer Composite with Predictions for Design Service Lives
    typeJournal Article
    journal volume29
    journal issue1
    journal titleJournal of Composites for Construction
    identifier doi10.1061/JCCOF2.CCENG-4854
    journal fristpage04024088-1
    journal lastpage04024088-19
    page19
    treeJournal of Composites for Construction:;2025:;Volume ( 029 ):;issue: 001
    contenttypeFulltext
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