Investigating Utilization of Activated Distributed Storage Networks for Peak Flow Reduction Using Stochastic Storm Transposition

Abstract

The state of Iowa in the Central United States has experienced increasing flooding, with major events occurring most recently in 1993, 2008, 2011, and 2019. These floods caused over $23B in damage despite Iowa’s three flood control reservoirs and expansive levee systems, suggesting the need for additional solutions. Iowa is home to over 4,000 small dams whose cumulative capacity more than double the state’s current flood storage. These locations are operated passively, i.e., without the use of gated outlets to control basin storage utilization, thus limiting their flood mitigating potential. Here, the authors simulate gated outlets at 130 small dams within a 660 km2 watershed to (1) evaluate how effectively these storages can be activated across a watershed using gated outlets; and (2) quantify the utilization capacity of an activated distributed storage system for flow reduction. The authors used stochastic storm transposition to generate thousands of spatially variable rainfall events using Stage IV rainfall data within the Iowa domain at durations of 6, 12, 24, and 48 h and annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) of 0.2, 0.1, 0.02, and 0.01. This expands the effective period of record, providing storms of various durations, intensities, and spatiotemporal distributions. An active management scheme was defined within the reservoir module of the hillslope link model designed to store water within the ponding locations. The study calculated the flow reductions that were achieved through this active scheme and found that flows were reduced for every rainfall duration and probability regardless of basin spatial scale. Reductions reached as high as 70% for a 6 h, 0.2 AEP event at a 93 km2 drainage area, while flows were reduced by roughly 12% for a 48 h, 0.01 AEP event at the basin outlet. This work establishes activated distributed storage as a meaningful flood reduction measure under realistic rainfall conditions at a variety of spatial scales.