Small and Intermediate Strain Characteristics of a Partially Saturated Sand–Clay Mixture

Abstract

Traditional soil mechanics idealizes geomaterials as being in a dry or fully water-saturated state. However, there is a zone between the ground surface and the groundwater table, where the soil is unsaturated, which means the pore space is filled with air and water. This zone is affected by environmental changes during wetting and drying seasons through precipitation, evaporation, or evapotranspiration. The influence of water content, for instance, the degree of saturation, on the characteristics of soil under dynamic loading i.e. at small to intermediate strains, for example, small-strain shear modulus (Gmax), modulus degradation [G(γ)], and damping ratio [D(γ)] remain of interest in the geotechnical community due to the practical relevance of the problem. This study attempted to cover the existing gaps in the dynamic characteristics of soil with different degrees of saturation. Therefore, Hostun sand (HS) was mixed with 30% Amberger kaolin (AK) and compacted to Proctor density at the optimum water content. They were saturated in a special saturation cell applying back pressure. Then, the saturated samples were dried to different degrees of saturation. Resonant column (RC) tests were carried out on the prepared samples to determine the effect of the degree of saturation on Gmax, G(γ), and D(γ). Of note, in this series of tests, suction was not strictly controlled; however, the necessary volume change corrections were performed via various noncontact transducers. To describe the experimental observations and to evaluate the impact of the degree of saturation on Gmax, G(γ), and D(γ), the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) of the adopted mixture was determined. The results showed a significant increase of Gmax with the degree of saturation following an S-phaped curve. Based on the new data, previous models to predict Gmax were inspected under a significantly wider range of the degrees of saturation and suction. In addition, the effect of the degree of saturation on the intermediate strain characteristics of the adopted mixture [G(γ)/Gmax] and D(γ) was evaluated, where modulus degradation was found almost unaffected by Sr while a moderate increase of damping ratio with Sr was observed.