A Reduced-Space Ensemble Kalman Filter Approach for Flow-Dependent Integration of Radar Extrapolation Nowcasts and NWP Precipitation Ensembles

Abstract

AbstractA Bayesian precipitation nowcasting system based on the ensemble Kalman filter is formulated. Starting from the last available radar observations, the prediction step of the filter consists of a stochastic radar extrapolation technique, while the correction step updates the radar extrapolation nowcast using information from the most recent forecast by the numerical weather prediction model (NWP). The result is a flow-dependent and seamless blending scheme that is based on the spread of the nowcast and NWP ensembles, used as the definition of the forecast error. To simplify the matrix operations, the Bayesian update is performed in the subspace spanned by the principal components, hence the term reduced space. Synthetic data experiments demonstrated that the Bayesian nowcast correctly captures the flow dependency in both the NWP forecast and the radar extrapolation skills. Four experiments with real precipitation data and a relatively small ensemble size (21 members) represented a first test under realistic conditions, such as stratiform wintertime precipitation and localized summertime convection. The skill was quantified in terms of fractions skill score at 32-km scale and 2.0 mm h?1 intensity. The results indicate that the system is able to produce blended forecasts that are at least as skillful as the nowcast-only or the NWP-only forecasts at any lead time.