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    Trends in Snowfall versus Rainfall in the Western United States

    Source: Journal of Climate:;2006:;volume( 019 ):;issue: 018::page 4545
    Author:
    Knowles, Noah
    ,
    Dettinger, Michael D.
    ,
    Cayan, Daniel R.
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3850.1
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Abstract: The water resources of the western United States depend heavily on snowpack to store part of the wintertime precipitation into the drier summer months. A well-documented shift toward earlier runoff in recent decades has been attributed to 1) more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow and 2) earlier snowmelt. The present study addresses the former, documenting a regional trend toward smaller ratios of winter-total snowfall water equivalent (SFE) to winter-total precipitation (P) during the period 1949?2004. The trends toward reduced SFE are a response to warming across the region, with the most significant reductions occurring where winter wet-day minimum temperatures, averaged over the study period, were warmer than ?5°C. Most SFE reductions were associated with winter wet-day temperature increases between 0° and +3°C over the study period. Warmings larger than this occurred mainly at sites where the mean temperatures were cool enough that the precipitation form was less susceptible to warming trends. The trends toward reduced SFE/P ratios were most pronounced in March regionwide and in January near the West Coast, corresponding to widespread warming in these months. While mean temperatures in March were sufficiently high to allow the warming trend to produce SFE/P declines across the study region, mean January temperatures were cooler, with the result that January SFE/P impacts were restricted to the lower elevations near the West Coast. Extending the analysis back to 1920 shows that although the trends presented here may be partially attributable to interdecadal climate variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation, they also appear to result from still longer-term climate shifts.
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      Trends in Snowfall versus Rainfall in the Western United States

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    contributor authorKnowles, Noah
    contributor authorDettinger, Michael D.
    contributor authorCayan, Daniel R.
    date accessioned2017-06-09T17:02:12Z
    date available2017-06-09T17:02:12Z
    date copyright2006/09/01
    date issued2006
    identifier issn0894-8755
    identifier otherams-78316.pdf
    identifier urihttp://onlinelibrary.yabesh.ir/handle/yetl/4220972
    description abstractThe water resources of the western United States depend heavily on snowpack to store part of the wintertime precipitation into the drier summer months. A well-documented shift toward earlier runoff in recent decades has been attributed to 1) more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow and 2) earlier snowmelt. The present study addresses the former, documenting a regional trend toward smaller ratios of winter-total snowfall water equivalent (SFE) to winter-total precipitation (P) during the period 1949?2004. The trends toward reduced SFE are a response to warming across the region, with the most significant reductions occurring where winter wet-day minimum temperatures, averaged over the study period, were warmer than ?5°C. Most SFE reductions were associated with winter wet-day temperature increases between 0° and +3°C over the study period. Warmings larger than this occurred mainly at sites where the mean temperatures were cool enough that the precipitation form was less susceptible to warming trends. The trends toward reduced SFE/P ratios were most pronounced in March regionwide and in January near the West Coast, corresponding to widespread warming in these months. While mean temperatures in March were sufficiently high to allow the warming trend to produce SFE/P declines across the study region, mean January temperatures were cooler, with the result that January SFE/P impacts were restricted to the lower elevations near the West Coast. Extending the analysis back to 1920 shows that although the trends presented here may be partially attributable to interdecadal climate variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation, they also appear to result from still longer-term climate shifts.
    publisherAmerican Meteorological Society
    titleTrends in Snowfall versus Rainfall in the Western United States
    typeJournal Paper
    journal volume19
    journal issue18
    journal titleJournal of Climate
    identifier doi10.1175/JCLI3850.1
    journal fristpage4545
    journal lastpage4559
    treeJournal of Climate:;2006:;volume( 019 ):;issue: 018
    contenttypeFulltext
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