Differences between More Divergent and More Rotational Types of Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves. Part II: Composite Analysis based on Space–Time Filtering

Abstract

his paper describes an analysis of multiyear satellite datasets to characterize the modulations of convective versus stratiform rain, rain system size, and column water vapor by convectively coupled equatorial waves. Composites are built around space?time filtered equatorial-belt data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall product, while TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) and passive microwave data are the composited variables. The results are consistent with the more reanalysis-dependent findings in Part I, indicating that higher-frequency (or more divergent) waves, such as Kelvin and inertia?gravity families, modulate mesoscale convective systems and stratiform rain relatively more, whereas slower (or more rotational) types such as Rossby, mixed Rossby?gravity, and tropical depression (TD) or ?easterly? waves primarily modulate convective rain and smaller-sized precipitation systems.Column water vapor composites indicate that the more rotational wave types modulate the moisture field more pronouncedly than do the divergent waves, leading the authors to speculate that the slow/rotational versus fast/wavelike distinction in precipitation characteristics may correspond to the different balances of two main convective coupling mechanisms: moisture control of cumulus cells versus convective inhibition control (via low-level density waves) of mesoscale convective systems.The Madden?Julian oscillation (MJO) is unique in that it exhibits prominent modulation of both stratiform precipitation (like the fast divergent waves) and small-sized precipitation features, convective rainfall, and moisture (like the other low-frequency, rotational waves). A composite of other waves? amplitudes as a function of MJO amplitude and phase shows that divergent waves are more active in the developing phase and rotational waves are more active in the decaying rather than developing phase of the MJO.