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    The Hidden Role of Women in Monitoring Nineteenth-Century African Weather: Instrumental Observations in Equatorial Guinea

    Source: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society:;2010:;volume( 092 ):;issue: 003::page 315
    Author:
    Gallego, M. Cruz
    ,
    Domínguez-Castro, Fernando
    ,
    Vaquero, José M.
    ,
    García-Herrera, Ricardo
    DOI: 10.1175/2010BAMS2807.1
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Abstract: Some of the first systematic meteorological observations in Africa were made by two women in Equatorial Guinea in 1875. Sisters Isabel and Juliana Urquiola, together with Manuel Iradier, Isabel's husband, built a meteorological observatory on Little Elobey Island (0°59?46?N, 9°32?14?E), off the tiny nation's western coast. From 1 June to 31 December 1875, the sisters took subdaily readings (6, 12, 15, and 18 h past midnight local time) of humidity, temperature, precipitation, and wind direction and speed. To evaluate the quality of these historical observations, the authors have compared them with equivalent modern meteorological data from Cocobeach (the modern meteorological station nearest to Little Elobey). The monthly-mean distributions of maximum and minimum temperature are similar to those of Cocobeach, but minimum temperatures are 2.4°C higher than Cocobeach values. Despite this difference, the observations of the Urquiola sisters were found to be far better and more consistent than other observations of the time. Sadly, the duo never enjoyed an appropriate acknowledgment of their detailed weather measurements, some taken eight times per day, which were some of the first measurements in Equatorial Guinea. Their unappreciated task unfortunately also had a high cost on their health for the rest of their lives, made all the worse for Isabel Urquiola with the loss of a baby.
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      The Hidden Role of Women in Monitoring Nineteenth-Century African Weather: Instrumental Observations in Equatorial Guinea

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    http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4211535
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    contributor authorGallego, M. Cruz
    contributor authorDomínguez-Castro, Fernando
    contributor authorVaquero, José M.
    contributor authorGarcía-Herrera, Ricardo
    date accessioned2017-06-09T16:33:01Z
    date available2017-06-09T16:33:01Z
    date copyright2011/03/01
    date issued2010
    identifier issn0003-0007
    identifier otherams-69823.pdf
    identifier urihttp://onlinelibrary.yabesh.ir/handle/yetl/4211535
    description abstractSome of the first systematic meteorological observations in Africa were made by two women in Equatorial Guinea in 1875. Sisters Isabel and Juliana Urquiola, together with Manuel Iradier, Isabel's husband, built a meteorological observatory on Little Elobey Island (0°59?46?N, 9°32?14?E), off the tiny nation's western coast. From 1 June to 31 December 1875, the sisters took subdaily readings (6, 12, 15, and 18 h past midnight local time) of humidity, temperature, precipitation, and wind direction and speed. To evaluate the quality of these historical observations, the authors have compared them with equivalent modern meteorological data from Cocobeach (the modern meteorological station nearest to Little Elobey). The monthly-mean distributions of maximum and minimum temperature are similar to those of Cocobeach, but minimum temperatures are 2.4°C higher than Cocobeach values. Despite this difference, the observations of the Urquiola sisters were found to be far better and more consistent than other observations of the time. Sadly, the duo never enjoyed an appropriate acknowledgment of their detailed weather measurements, some taken eight times per day, which were some of the first measurements in Equatorial Guinea. Their unappreciated task unfortunately also had a high cost on their health for the rest of their lives, made all the worse for Isabel Urquiola with the loss of a baby.
    publisherAmerican Meteorological Society
    titleThe Hidden Role of Women in Monitoring Nineteenth-Century African Weather: Instrumental Observations in Equatorial Guinea
    typeJournal Paper
    journal volume92
    journal issue3
    journal titleBulletin of the American Meteorological Society
    identifier doi10.1175/2010BAMS2807.1
    journal fristpage315
    journal lastpage324
    treeBulletin of the American Meteorological Society:;2010:;volume( 092 ):;issue: 003
    contenttypeFulltext
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    DSpace software copyright © 2002-2015  DuraSpace
    نرم افزار کتابخانه دیجیتال "دی اسپیس" فارسی شده توسط یابش برای کتابخانه های ایرانی | تماس با یابش
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