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    A Surface Energy Perspective on Climate Change

    Source: Journal of Climate:;2009:;volume( 022 ):;issue: 010::page 2557
    Author:
    Andrews, Timothy
    ,
    Forster, Piers M.
    ,
    Gregory, Jonathan M.
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2759.1
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Abstract: A surface forcing response framework is developed that enables an understanding of time-dependent climate change from a surface energy perspective. The framework allows the separation of fast responses that are unassociated with global-mean surface air temperature change (?T), which is included in the forcing, and slow feedbacks that scale with ?T. The framework is illustrated primarily using 2 ? CO2 climate model experiments and is robust across the models. For CO2 increases, the positive downward radiative component of forcing is smaller at the surface than at the tropopause, and so a rapid reduction in the upward surface latent heat (LH) flux is induced to conserve the tropospheric heat budget; this reduces the precipitation rate. Analysis of the time-dependent surface energy balance over sea and land separately reveals that land areas rapidly regain energy balance, and significant land surface warming occurs before global sea temperatures respond. The 2 ? CO2 results are compared to a solar increase experiment and show that some fast responses are forcing dependent. In particular, a significant forcing from the fast hydrological response found in the CO2 experiments is much smaller in the solar experiment. The different fast response explains why previous equilibrium studies found differences in the hydrological sensitivity between these two forcings. On longer time scales, as ?T increases, the net surface longwave and LH fluxes provide positive and negative surface feedbacks, respectively, while the net surface shortwave and sensible heat fluxes change little. It is found that in contrast to their fast responses, the longer-term response of both surface energy fluxes and the global hydrological cycle are similar for the different forcing agents.
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      A Surface Energy Perspective on Climate Change

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    http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4208754
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    contributor authorAndrews, Timothy
    contributor authorForster, Piers M.
    contributor authorGregory, Jonathan M.
    date accessioned2017-06-09T16:24:32Z
    date available2017-06-09T16:24:32Z
    date copyright2009/05/01
    date issued2009
    identifier issn0894-8755
    identifier otherams-67320.pdf
    identifier urihttp://onlinelibrary.yabesh.ir/handle/yetl/4208754
    description abstractA surface forcing response framework is developed that enables an understanding of time-dependent climate change from a surface energy perspective. The framework allows the separation of fast responses that are unassociated with global-mean surface air temperature change (?T), which is included in the forcing, and slow feedbacks that scale with ?T. The framework is illustrated primarily using 2 ? CO2 climate model experiments and is robust across the models. For CO2 increases, the positive downward radiative component of forcing is smaller at the surface than at the tropopause, and so a rapid reduction in the upward surface latent heat (LH) flux is induced to conserve the tropospheric heat budget; this reduces the precipitation rate. Analysis of the time-dependent surface energy balance over sea and land separately reveals that land areas rapidly regain energy balance, and significant land surface warming occurs before global sea temperatures respond. The 2 ? CO2 results are compared to a solar increase experiment and show that some fast responses are forcing dependent. In particular, a significant forcing from the fast hydrological response found in the CO2 experiments is much smaller in the solar experiment. The different fast response explains why previous equilibrium studies found differences in the hydrological sensitivity between these two forcings. On longer time scales, as ?T increases, the net surface longwave and LH fluxes provide positive and negative surface feedbacks, respectively, while the net surface shortwave and sensible heat fluxes change little. It is found that in contrast to their fast responses, the longer-term response of both surface energy fluxes and the global hydrological cycle are similar for the different forcing agents.
    publisherAmerican Meteorological Society
    titleA Surface Energy Perspective on Climate Change
    typeJournal Paper
    journal volume22
    journal issue10
    journal titleJournal of Climate
    identifier doi10.1175/2008JCLI2759.1
    journal fristpage2557
    journal lastpage2570
    treeJournal of Climate:;2009:;volume( 022 ):;issue: 010
    contenttypeFulltext
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