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    Attribution of Declining Western U.S. Snowpack to Human Effects

    Source: Journal of Climate:;2008:;volume( 021 ):;issue: 023::page 6425
    Author:
    Pierce, David W.
    ,
    Barnett, Tim P.
    ,
    Hidalgo, Hugo G.
    ,
    Das, Tapash
    ,
    Bonfils, Céline
    ,
    Santer, Benjamin D.
    ,
    Bala, Govindasamy
    ,
    Dettinger, Michael D.
    ,
    Cayan, Daniel R.
    ,
    Mirin, Art
    ,
    Wood, Andrew W.
    ,
    Nozawa, Toru
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2405.1
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Abstract: Observations show snowpack has declined across much of the western United States over the period 1950?99. This reduction has important social and economic implications, as water retained in the snowpack from winter storms forms an important part of the hydrological cycle and water supply in the region. A formal model-based detection and attribution (D?A) study of these reductions is performed. The detection variable is the ratio of 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) to water-year-to-date precipitation (P), chosen to reduce the effect of P variability on the results. Estimates of natural internal climate variability are obtained from 1600 years of two control simulations performed with fully coupled ocean?atmosphere climate models. Estimates of the SWE/P response to anthropogenic greenhouse gases, ozone, and some aerosols are taken from multiple-member ensembles of perturbation experiments run with two models. The D?A shows the observations and anthropogenically forced models have greater SWE/P reductions than can be explained by natural internal climate variability alone. Model-estimated effects of changes in solar and volcanic forcing likewise do not explain the SWE/P reductions. The mean model estimate is that about half of the SWE/P reductions observed in the west from 1950 to 1999 are the result of climate changes forced by anthropogenic greenhouse gases, ozone, and aerosols.
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      Attribution of Declining Western U.S. Snowpack to Human Effects

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    http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4208601
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    contributor authorPierce, David W.
    contributor authorBarnett, Tim P.
    contributor authorHidalgo, Hugo G.
    contributor authorDas, Tapash
    contributor authorBonfils, Céline
    contributor authorSanter, Benjamin D.
    contributor authorBala, Govindasamy
    contributor authorDettinger, Michael D.
    contributor authorCayan, Daniel R.
    contributor authorMirin, Art
    contributor authorWood, Andrew W.
    contributor authorNozawa, Toru
    date accessioned2017-06-09T16:24:01Z
    date available2017-06-09T16:24:01Z
    date copyright2008/12/01
    date issued2008
    identifier issn0894-8755
    identifier otherams-67182.pdf
    identifier urihttp://onlinelibrary.yabesh.ir/handle/yetl/4208601
    description abstractObservations show snowpack has declined across much of the western United States over the period 1950?99. This reduction has important social and economic implications, as water retained in the snowpack from winter storms forms an important part of the hydrological cycle and water supply in the region. A formal model-based detection and attribution (D?A) study of these reductions is performed. The detection variable is the ratio of 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) to water-year-to-date precipitation (P), chosen to reduce the effect of P variability on the results. Estimates of natural internal climate variability are obtained from 1600 years of two control simulations performed with fully coupled ocean?atmosphere climate models. Estimates of the SWE/P response to anthropogenic greenhouse gases, ozone, and some aerosols are taken from multiple-member ensembles of perturbation experiments run with two models. The D?A shows the observations and anthropogenically forced models have greater SWE/P reductions than can be explained by natural internal climate variability alone. Model-estimated effects of changes in solar and volcanic forcing likewise do not explain the SWE/P reductions. The mean model estimate is that about half of the SWE/P reductions observed in the west from 1950 to 1999 are the result of climate changes forced by anthropogenic greenhouse gases, ozone, and aerosols.
    publisherAmerican Meteorological Society
    titleAttribution of Declining Western U.S. Snowpack to Human Effects
    typeJournal Paper
    journal volume21
    journal issue23
    journal titleJournal of Climate
    identifier doi10.1175/2008JCLI2405.1
    journal fristpage6425
    journal lastpage6444
    treeJournal of Climate:;2008:;volume( 021 ):;issue: 023
    contenttypeFulltext
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    DSpace software copyright © 2002-2015  DuraSpace
    نرم افزار کتابخانه دیجیتال "دی اسپیس" فارسی شده توسط یابش برای کتابخانه های ایرانی | تماس با یابش
    yabeshDSpacePersian