Influence of the Interannual Variability of Vegetation on the Surface Energy Balance—A Global Sensitivity Study

Abstract

The degree to which the interannual variability of vegetation phenology affects hydrological fluxes over land is investigated through a series of simulations with the Mosaic land surface model, run both offline and coupled to the NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). Over a 9-yr period, from 1982 to 1990, interannual variations of global biophysical land surface parameters (i.e., vegetation density and greenness fraction) are derived from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data collected by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRRs). First the sensitivity of evapotranspiration to interannual variations in vegetation properties is evaluated through offline simulations that ignore feedbacks between the land surface and the atmospheric models, and interannual precipitation variations. Evapotranspiration is shown to be highly sensitive to variations in vegetation over wet continental surfaces that are not densely vegetated. The sensitivity is reduced by a saturation effect over dense vegetation covers and physiological control due to environmental stress over arid and semiarid regions. Correlations between evapotranspiration and vegetation anomalies are reduced markedly in offline runs that impose interannual variations in both vegetation and precipitation. They are also strongly reduced in the coupled simulations. Although interannual variations in vegetation properties still influence transpiration and interception loss at the global scale in these runs, their impact on large-scale regional climate is much weaker, apparently because the impact is drowned out by atmospheric variability.