Surface Energy Balance of the NCEP MRF and NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis in Antarctic Latitudes during FROST

Abstract

The surface energy budget in Antarctic latitudes is evaluated for the medium-range numerical weather forecasts produced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and for the NCEP?National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis project during the winter, spring, and summer special observing periods (SOPs) of the Antarctic First Regional Observing Study of Troposphere project. A significant change in the energy balance resulted from an extensive model update beginning with the forecasts initialized on 11 January 1995 during the summer SOP. Both the forecasts and the reanalysis include significant errors in the surface energy balance over Antarctica. The errors often tend to cancel and thus produce reasonable surface temperature fields. General errors include downward longwave radiation about 30?50 W m?2 too small. Lower than observed cloudiness contributes to this error and to excessive downward shortwave radiation at the surface. The model albedo over Antarctica, about 75%, is lower than that derived from observations, about 81%. During the polar day, errors in net longwave and net shortwave radiation tend to cancel. The energy balance over Antarctica in the reanalysis is, in general, degraded from that of the forecasts. Seasonal characteristics of the surface energy balance include cooling over East Antarctica and slight warming over West Antarctica during NCEP forecasts for the winter SOP. Wintertime surface warming by downward sensible heat flux is larger than observations by 21?36 W m?2 and tends to balance the excessive longwave cooling at the surface. During the spring SOP, forecast sensible heat flux produces an excessive heating contribution by about 20 W m?2. Latent heat flux during the Antarctic winter for the reanalysis is at least an order of magnitude larger than the very small observed values.