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    A Review of Twentieth-Century Drought Indices Used in the United States

    Source: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society:;2002:;volume( 083 ):;issue: 008::page 1149
    Author:
    Heim, Richard R.
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<1149:AROTDI>2.3.CO;2
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Abstract: The monitoring and analysis of drought have long suffered from the lack of an adequate definition of the phenomenon. As a result, drought indices have slowly evolved during the last two centuries from simplistic approaches based on some measure of rainfall deficiency, to more complex problem-specific models. Indices developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century included such measures as percent of normal precipitation over some interval, consecutive days with rain below a given threshold, formulae involving a combination of temperature and precipitation, and models factoring in precipitation deficits over consecutive days. The incorporation of evapotranspiration as a measure of water demand by Thornthwaite led to the landmark development in 1965 by Palmer of a water budget-based drought index that is still widely used. Drought indices developed since the 1960s include the Surface Water Supply Index, which supplements the Palmer Index by integrating snowpack, reservoir storage, streamflow, and precipitation at high elevations; the Keetch-Byram Drought Index, which is used by fire control managers; the Standardized Precipitation Index; and the Vegetation Condition Index, which utilizes global satellite observations of vegetation condition. These models continue to evolve as new data sources become available. The twentieth century concluded with the development of the Drought Monitor tool, which incorporates Palmer's index and several other (post Palmer) indices to provide a universal assessment of drought conditions across the entire United States. By putting the development of these drought indices into a historical perspective, this paper provides a better understanding of the complex Palmer Index and of the nature of measuring drought in general.
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      A Review of Twentieth-Century Drought Indices Used in the United States

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    http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4161978
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    contributor authorHeim, Richard R.
    date accessioned2017-06-09T14:43:21Z
    date available2017-06-09T14:43:21Z
    date copyright2002/08/01
    date issued2002
    identifier issn0003-0007
    identifier otherams-25219.pdf
    identifier urihttp://onlinelibrary.yabesh.ir/handle/yetl/4161978
    description abstractThe monitoring and analysis of drought have long suffered from the lack of an adequate definition of the phenomenon. As a result, drought indices have slowly evolved during the last two centuries from simplistic approaches based on some measure of rainfall deficiency, to more complex problem-specific models. Indices developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century included such measures as percent of normal precipitation over some interval, consecutive days with rain below a given threshold, formulae involving a combination of temperature and precipitation, and models factoring in precipitation deficits over consecutive days. The incorporation of evapotranspiration as a measure of water demand by Thornthwaite led to the landmark development in 1965 by Palmer of a water budget-based drought index that is still widely used. Drought indices developed since the 1960s include the Surface Water Supply Index, which supplements the Palmer Index by integrating snowpack, reservoir storage, streamflow, and precipitation at high elevations; the Keetch-Byram Drought Index, which is used by fire control managers; the Standardized Precipitation Index; and the Vegetation Condition Index, which utilizes global satellite observations of vegetation condition. These models continue to evolve as new data sources become available. The twentieth century concluded with the development of the Drought Monitor tool, which incorporates Palmer's index and several other (post Palmer) indices to provide a universal assessment of drought conditions across the entire United States. By putting the development of these drought indices into a historical perspective, this paper provides a better understanding of the complex Palmer Index and of the nature of measuring drought in general.
    publisherAmerican Meteorological Society
    titleA Review of Twentieth-Century Drought Indices Used in the United States
    typeJournal Paper
    journal volume83
    journal issue8
    journal titleBulletin of the American Meteorological Society
    identifier doi10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<1149:AROTDI>2.3.CO;2
    journal fristpage1149
    journal lastpage1165
    treeBulletin of the American Meteorological Society:;2002:;volume( 083 ):;issue: 008
    contenttypeFulltext
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    DSpace software copyright © 2002-2015  DuraSpace
    نرم افزار کتابخانه دیجیتال "دی اسپیس" فارسی شده توسط یابش برای کتابخانه های ایرانی | تماس با یابش
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