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    The Importance of the Precipitation Mass Sink in Tropical Cyclones and Other Heavily Precipitating Systems

    Source: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences:;2004:;Volume( 061 ):;issue: 014::page 1674
    Author:
    Lackmann, Gary M.
    ,
    Yablonsky, Richard M.
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1674:TIOTPM>2.0.CO;2
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Abstract: When water vapor is converted to cloud and precipitation and subsequently removed to the surface via precipitation, there is a corresponding hydrostatic pressure decrease due to the reduction of mass in the overlying column. Pressure changes resulting from the addition or removal of water vapor are currently neglected in most meteorological applications. However, in heavily precipitating systems such as tropical cyclones, where precipitation rates may exceed 250 mm day?1, the pressure equivalent of the precipitation mass sink is not negligible (?25 hPa day?1). Pressure decreases due to this mechanism are most pronounced in the lower troposphere, particularly below the melting level. The resulting unbalanced pressure-gradient force can enhance convergence, which precludes full realization of the pressure decrease but may contribute to vorticity generation and moisture convergence. The importance of the precipitation mass sink is investigated for the case of Hurricane Lili (2002) through the computation of mass and potential vorticity (PV) budgets and numerical sensitivity experiments. The precipitation mass reaching the surface within 100 km of the storm center is of the same order as the mass loss needed to explain the area-averaged pressure decrease during the intensification stage of Lili. The PV is altered by precipitation mass flux divergence across isentropic layers. A volume-integrated PV budget reveals that the mass sink term is small in comparison to the latent heating term, although the latter exhibits large cancellation. Comparison of a control simulation from the Eta Model to an experimental simulation in which the precipitation mass sink effect is included demonstrates that the mass sink mechanism contributes to lower pressure, stronger wind speeds, and heavier precipitation. The sea level pressure near the storm center in the mass sink simulation is generally 2?5 hPa deeper relative to the control simulation, with 10-m wind speed differences of 5 to 15 kt. The mass sink simulation exhibits a stronger cyclonic PV tower, especially above the melting level, and a stronger troposphere?deep cyclonic circulation relative to the control simulation. The analysis presented indicates that the precipitation mass sink mechanism, though not dominant, is not negligible for tropical cyclones.
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      The Importance of the Precipitation Mass Sink in Tropical Cyclones and Other Heavily Precipitating Systems

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    http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4160077
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    • Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

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    contributor authorLackmann, Gary M.
    contributor authorYablonsky, Richard M.
    date accessioned2017-06-09T14:38:49Z
    date available2017-06-09T14:38:49Z
    date copyright2004/07/01
    date issued2004
    identifier issn0022-4928
    identifier otherams-23508.pdf
    identifier urihttp://onlinelibrary.yabesh.ir/handle/yetl/4160077
    description abstractWhen water vapor is converted to cloud and precipitation and subsequently removed to the surface via precipitation, there is a corresponding hydrostatic pressure decrease due to the reduction of mass in the overlying column. Pressure changes resulting from the addition or removal of water vapor are currently neglected in most meteorological applications. However, in heavily precipitating systems such as tropical cyclones, where precipitation rates may exceed 250 mm day?1, the pressure equivalent of the precipitation mass sink is not negligible (?25 hPa day?1). Pressure decreases due to this mechanism are most pronounced in the lower troposphere, particularly below the melting level. The resulting unbalanced pressure-gradient force can enhance convergence, which precludes full realization of the pressure decrease but may contribute to vorticity generation and moisture convergence. The importance of the precipitation mass sink is investigated for the case of Hurricane Lili (2002) through the computation of mass and potential vorticity (PV) budgets and numerical sensitivity experiments. The precipitation mass reaching the surface within 100 km of the storm center is of the same order as the mass loss needed to explain the area-averaged pressure decrease during the intensification stage of Lili. The PV is altered by precipitation mass flux divergence across isentropic layers. A volume-integrated PV budget reveals that the mass sink term is small in comparison to the latent heating term, although the latter exhibits large cancellation. Comparison of a control simulation from the Eta Model to an experimental simulation in which the precipitation mass sink effect is included demonstrates that the mass sink mechanism contributes to lower pressure, stronger wind speeds, and heavier precipitation. The sea level pressure near the storm center in the mass sink simulation is generally 2?5 hPa deeper relative to the control simulation, with 10-m wind speed differences of 5 to 15 kt. The mass sink simulation exhibits a stronger cyclonic PV tower, especially above the melting level, and a stronger troposphere?deep cyclonic circulation relative to the control simulation. The analysis presented indicates that the precipitation mass sink mechanism, though not dominant, is not negligible for tropical cyclones.
    publisherAmerican Meteorological Society
    titleThe Importance of the Precipitation Mass Sink in Tropical Cyclones and Other Heavily Precipitating Systems
    typeJournal Paper
    journal volume61
    journal issue14
    journal titleJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences
    identifier doi10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1674:TIOTPM>2.0.CO;2
    journal fristpage1674
    journal lastpage1692
    treeJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences:;2004:;Volume( 061 ):;issue: 014
    contenttypeFulltext
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    DSpace software copyright © 2002-2015  DuraSpace
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