Westward Generation of Eastward-Moving Tropical Convective Bands in TOGA COARE

Abstract

Mechanisms responsible for westward generation of eastward-moving tropical convective bands in the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean?Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) are investigated using a two-dimensional numerical cloud model. Sequential generation of new convective bands to the west of an old eastward-moving convective band is successfully simulated in an environment of a convectively active day during TOGA COARE, characterized by west winds at low levels and strong easterlies aloft. It is concluded that the westward generation of new convective bands is explained by a gravity wave mechanism. Two westward-propagating modes excited below the convective cells moving westward relative to the convective bands appear to play an important role. A slow-propagating mode (?15 m s?1) excited by a shallow convective band is ducted in the troposphere under an unstable layer of small Richardson number containing its critical level. A fast-propagating mode (?25 m s?1) excited by a deep convective band is ducted in the troposphere under the remaining region of the convective cell containing its critical level. These two modes propagate horizontally to the west and promote the growth of shallow convection into long-lived convective bands. A dry model with thermal forcing representing the convective cell showed that preferential excitation of westward-propagating waves below the convective cell is due to westward motion and ascension of the convective cell. A comparative simulation without the critical level confirms the proposed gravity wave mechanism.