Physical and Microwave Radiative Properties of Precipitating Clouds. Part I: Principal Component Analysis of Observed Multichannel Microwave Radiances in Tropical Stratiform Rainfall

Abstract

Using stringent criteria pertaining to rain-cloud optical thickness and horizontal extent, 3203 multichannel microwave observations of heavy, widespread tropical precipitation over ocean were selected from 9 months of global Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data. These observations subsequently were found to be associated almost exclusively with stratiform rain areas in tropical cyclones. Because of the restrictions on optical thickness and spatial extent, the mean multichannel microwave brightness temperatures and their interchannel covariances are presumed to be determined primarily by the vertical microphysical structure of the rain clouds. The distribution of the above observations in seven-dimensional channel space is characterized concisely using principal component analysis. It is found that only three independent variables are sufficient to explain 97% of the variance in the correlation matrix. This result suggests that the radiometrically important microphysical properties of these rain clouds are strongly interdependent. The most significant eigenvector of the observation correlation matrix corresponds to variable scattering at high frequencies by ice aloft. Its spectral dependence is accurately given by ?1.76, where ? is the microwave frequency. This empirical result constrains the effective mean sizes of ice particles responsible for observed passive microwave scattering in rain clouds and provides a plausible empirical basis for accurately predicting the magnitude of scattering effects by ice at non-SSM/I microwave frequencies. There are also qualitative indications that this mode of brightness temperature variability is poorly correlated with surface rain rate in this study sample. The empirical results presented herein are expected to be of value for the validation and improvement of microphysical assumptions and optical parameterizations in forward microwave radiative transfer models. Companion papers describe the actual retrieval of effective rain-cloud microphysical properties from the observed multichannel radiances.