| description abstract | Tjunctions are widely used for fluid mixing in power and process plants. Temperature fluctuations generated by the mixing of hot and cold fluids at a Tjunction can cause high cycle thermal fatigue (HCTF) failure. The existing Japanese guideline for evaluating HCTF provides margin that varies greatly depending on the case for the evaluation result. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)/finite element analysis (FEA) coupling analysis is expected to be a useful tool for the more accurate evaluation of HCTF. Precise temperature fluctuation histories are necessary to determine the thermal loads because fatigue damage prediction requires temperature fluctuation amplitudes and their cycle numbers. The present investigation was intended to discover the accurate prediction methods of fluid temperature fluctuations, prior to performing CFD/FEA coupling analysis. Large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models suitable for the simulation of unsteady phenomena were investigated. The LES subgrid scale (SGS) models used included the standard Smagorinsky model (SSM) and the dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM). The effects of numerical schemes for calculating the convective term in the energy equation on the simulation results were also investigated. LES analyses of the flow and temperature fields at a Tjunction were carried out using these numerical methods. For comparison, the simulation conditions were the same as the experiment in literature. All of the simulation results show the flow pattern of a wall jet with strong flow and temperature fluctuations, as observed in the experiment. The simulation results indicate the numerical schemes have a great effect on the temperature distribution and the temperature fluctuation intensity (TFI). The firstorder upwind difference scheme (1UD) significantly underestimates the TFI for each LES SGS model, although it exhibits good numerical stability. However, the hybrid scheme (HS), which is mainly the secondorder central difference scheme (2CD) blended with a small fraction of 1UD, can better predict the TFI for each LES SGS model. Furthermore, the DSM model gives a prediction closer to the experimental results than the SSM model, while using the same numerical scheme. As a result, it was found through the systematic investigations of various turbulence models and numerical schemes that the approach using the DSM model and the HS with a large blending factor could provide accurate predictions of the fluid temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, it is considered that this approach is also applicable to the accurate prediction of any other scalar (e.g., concentration), based on the analogy of scalar transport phenomena. | |
