The Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Tubes—II: Variable Loading

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the elastic-plastic analysis of tubes subjected to variable loads. The yield condition for a material having residual stress and strain is first derived. Then by incremental method, the stresses and strains of the tube at any loading stage can be found. A closed-form solution is achieved as an example of tubes incurring ratchetting, and a general program is developed to make the theory applicable to complex loading situations.