Abstract: We reexamine the coupled lower boundary condition of Chen and Trenberth and show that for consistency the vertical velocity should be corrected from the mountain surface to the lowest computational level. This correction ...

Abstract: The establishment of stationary waves in the Northern Hemisphere winter is investigated using stationary and time-dependent linear primitive equation models. Confirming the results of Nigam and Lindzen, we find that small ...

Abstract: Ultralong Rossby waves (low zonal and meridional wavenumbers on the sphere) have been studied for many years. Extensive observational evidence tends to identify these waves with the gravest normal modes of the atmosphere. ...

Abstract: The maximum-likelihood method for estimating observation and forecast error covariance parameters is described. The method is presented in general terms but with particular emphasis on practical aspects of implementation. ...

Abstract: The implications of using different control variables for the analysis of moisture observations in a global atmospheric data assimilation system are investigated. A moisture analysis based on either mixing ratio or specific ...

Abstract: General circulation models are unable to resolve subgrid-scale moisture variability and associated cloudiness and so must parameterize grid-scale cloud properties. This typically involves various empirical assumptions and ...

Abstract: A linear, barotropic model of the North Atlantic at 1° ?1° resolution is employed to investigate the effect of using different wind-stress climatologies on the model response at the Florida Straits. The wind-stress ...

Abstract: The mechanisms regulating interannual and decadal variations of sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Atlantic are examined. Observed variations of sea surface temperature are typically in the range of 0.3°?0.5°C ...

Abstract: A global analysis that optimally combines observations from diverse sources with physical models of atmospheric and land processes can provide a comprehensive description of the climate systems. Currently, such data products ...

Abstract: Three different applications of maximum-likelihood estimation of error covariance parameters for atmospheric data assimilation are described. Height error standard deviations, vertical correlation coefficients, and isotropic ...