Abstract: Multiple scattering contributions to lidar returns from turbid atmospheres are derived by means of an analytical theory. It is assumed that scattering takes place mainly at small angles except for one event that scatters ...

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Abstract: The equation of radiative transfer was approximated by the method of Giovanelli to provide the albedo of an externally illuminated, plane-parallel striated medium. The medium was assumed to consist of isotropic scatterers ...

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Abstract: Spaceborne millimeter-wave radiometric measurements offer the potential to observe snowfall at high latitudes. A spaceborne W-band cloud radar on CloudSat has been able to observe snow. There is thus a need for a relatively ...

Abstract: The equation of radiative transfer is applied to the analysis of solar irradiances penetrating into a plant canopy covered by a turbid atmosphere. The method of discrete coordinates is applied to vertically inhomogeneous ...

Abstract: Global precipitation measurements from space-based radars and microwave radiometers have been the subject of numerous studies during the past decade. Rainfall retrievals over land from spaceborne microwave radiometers ...

Abstract: Monte Carlo techniques are utilized to compute monostatic lidar returns from turbid atmospheres. Examples are evaluated for thick hazes, clouds, fogs and rain. The effects of multiple scattering are significant in the cases ...

Abstract: Eddington's approximation was employed to compute the irradiances passing through atmospheres consisting of several different, albeit internally homogeneous, layers, as a function of solar zenith angle, albedo for single ...

Abstract: The polarization of 37 GHz microwave radiances emerging from rain clouds above land, rough and calm water surfaces was computed from the equation of radiative transfer. Scattering was assumed to be characterized by a ...