Abstract: Data assimilation aims to provide an optimal estimate of the overall system state, not only for an observed state variable or location. However, large-scale land surface models are typically column-based and purely random ...

Abstract: Four methods based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) are tested to assimilate coarse-scale (25 km) snow water equivalent (SWE) observations (typical of passive microwave satellite retrievals) into finescale (1 km) land ...