Abstract: In this paper, we present a three-dimensional (3D) grouting model based on the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM). The 3D grouting model discretizes the problem domain into tetrahedral elements and joint elements, ...

Abstract: For underground structures at coastal areas, inflow/infiltration (I/I) control is a critical procedure to guarantee their quality, especially for manholes, which are more likely to have structural problems and I/I problems. ...