Abstract: The prevention of the falling out of bridge girders during earthquakes has been recognized a critical factor in the seismic design of bridges. Among the various treatments and devices the bridge restrainer tie plate is an ...

Abstract: Tie plates are integral components of pin connectors, lifting modules, and bridge restrainers. As a bridge restrainer, they are supposed to bear the dynamic seismic loads. In a previous work (Obata et al. 1991), the writers ...