Abstract: Grout piles are often used to reinforce the base soil against base heave when carrying out deep excavations in soft clay. However, there is still a lack of an adequate criterion to describe the shear strength of clay ...

Abstract: Since different undrained shear strengths may be obtained from different laboratory or field tests, different cone factors are needed to calculate the undrained shear strengths from the results of a piezocone test in clay. ...

Abstract: Base stability of a deep excavation in clay is affected not only by soil properties such as soil strength and strength anisotropy, but also by several construction factors, such as the stiffness and depth of the excavation ...