Abstract: Ignoring the shotcrete hardening property in tunnel design may lead to an overestimation of the bearing capacity of shotcrete liners and underestimation of tunnel convergence. However, accounting for this nonlinear hardening ...

Abstract: The mechanical responses of tunnels with stiff and yielding linings were predicted using an analytical method. A theoretical model of a stiff lining-supported tunnel was established, which considered the effects of tunnel ...

Abstract: Understanding the strength and deformation response of hard and soft rocks under cyclic loading is very important for assessing fatigue in rock engineering structures. The effect of cyclic loading on rocks is different and ...