Abstract: Chlorination is the most widely practiced form of disinfection in the United States. It is highly effective against most microbiological contaminants. However, there is concern that the disinfection by-products (DBPs) ...

Abstract: A major objective of drinking water treatment is to provide water that is both microbiologically and chemically safe for human consumption. Drinking water chlorination, therefore, poses a dilemma. Chemical disinfection ...

Abstract: There is growing concern over the need to rehabilitate, replace, and repair drinking water distribution systems and wastewater collection systems in the United States. A recent survey conducted by the U.S. Environmental ...

Abstract: Although disinfection was one of the major public health advances in the last century and continues to be so in the twenty-first century, the disinfectants themselves may react with naturally occurring materials in treated ...

Abstract: A major challenge for society in the 21st century will be replacement, design, and optimal management of urban infrastructure. It is estimated that the current worldwide demand for infrastructure investment is approximately ...