Abstract: Melting snow, graupel, and hail are often modeled as uniform mixtures of air?ice?water or ice?water. Two-layered models have also been proposed in which the particle consists of a dry snow or ice core surrounded by water ...

Abstract: One of the impediments to the interpretation of radar signatures from the melting layer is the uncertainty over the dielectric mixing formula for ice-water mixtures. In the commonly used Maxwell Garnett mixing formula, the ...

Abstract: The radar return powers from a three-frequency radar, with center frequency at 22.235 GHz and upper and lower frequencies chosen with equal water vapor absorption coefficients, can be used to estimate water vapor density ...