Abstract: The analyses of data recorded during the past eight years with two Swiss radars, a network of rain gauges, and river flow measurements have helped to quantify the vertical profile of reflectivity and the influences of ...

Abstract: In the Alps, the volume visible by a radar is reduced because of ground clutter, elevated horizon, and earth curvature. This often inhibits a direct view on precipitation close to the ground. When using radar measurements ...

Abstract: The authors use variograms of radar reflectivity as a summary statistic to describe the spatial continuity of Alpine precipitation on mesogamma scales. First, how to obtain such variograms is discussed. Second, a set of ...

Abstract: The radar cross sections of particles grown in a hail tunnel (ice spheres with a spongy ice shell) and snow spheres dipped in water (spongy ice throughout) were measured at wavelengths of 3.21 cm, 4.67 cm, and 10 cm. The ...

Abstract: The ?instant? shape of raindrop size distributions (measured during 1 min or less) usually differs from the exponential, generally in the direction of monodispersity. Experimental results are presented for both widespread ...

Abstract: The characteristics of a prototype optical disdrometer are presented. Particles are detectable in the diameter range from 0.3 to 30 mm having velocities of up to 20 m s?1. Advantages of the new system are (i) it is easy ...

Abstract: Because of the randomness associated with sampling from a population of raindrops, variations in the data reflect some undetermined mixture of sampling variability and inhomogeneity in the precipitation. Better understanding ...

Abstract: A boiling-point barometer?commonly called hypsometer?has been developed for use on meteorological radiosondes. In this hypsometer, water is heated electrically, and its boiling temperature is measured with a thermocouple. ...

Abstract: The vertical variability of radar reflectivity reduces the reliability of precipitation estimation by radar, especially in complex orography. This important source of error can, at least partially, be corrected for, if the ...