Abstract: It is shown that the ocean?s hydrography occupies little volume in the three-dimensional space defined by salinity?temperature?pressure (S?Θ?p), and the implications of this observation for the mean vertical transport ...

Abstract: The use of density surfaces in the analysis of oceanographic data and in models of the ocean circulation is widespread. The present best method of fitting these isopycnal surfaces to hydrographic data is based on a linked ...

Abstract: Orthobaric density has recently been advanced as a new density variable for displaying ocean data and as a coordinate for ocean modeling. Here the extent to which orthobaric density surfaces are neutral is quantified and ...

Abstract: Hydrographic data, be it raw or highly averaged observational data, contain substantial regions having vertical density inversions. An algorithm is described that minimally modifies such data so that the resulting hydrographic ...

Abstract: A comparison is made of the meridional overturning circulation in a coarse-resolution World Ocean model when the integration is performed along (i) level, (ii) potential density, and (iii) neutral density surfaces. In the ...

Abstract: Warming of the atmosphere as a result of an increased concentration of greenhouse gases is expected to lead to a significant rise is global sea level. We present estimates of the component of this sea level rise caused by ...

Abstract: An equation of state for seawater is presented that contains 25 terms and is an excellent fit to the Feistel and Hagen equation of state. It is written in terms of potential temperature (rather than in situ temperature), ...

Abstract: Algorithms are presented for density, potential temperature, conservative temperature, and the freezing temperature of seawater. The algorithms for potential temperature and density (in terms of potential temperature) are ...