Abstract: Accurate forecasts require accurate initial conditions. For systems of interest, even given a perfect model and an infinitely long time series of observations, it is impossible to determine a system's exact initial state. ...

Abstract: The intensity and polarization of sunlight reflected by terrestrial water clouds are computed with the doubling method. The calculations illustrate that this method can be effectively used in problem involving strongly ...

Abstract: Measurements of circular polarization of visible light from planets have recently been reported. It is pointed out here that the values measured for the circular polarization for Jupiter and Venus are of the magnitude ...

Abstract: The doubling method is described for multiple scattering of light in plane-parallel atmospheres. The polarization of the radiation and the azimuth dependence are correctly accounted for. The method is practical for application ...

Abstract: The near infrared reflectivity of ice clouds is computed and compared to observations of Venus. The difficulty in making an exact correction for CO2 absorption precludes the possibility of either establishing or absolutely ...

Abstract: The delicate (and computationally expensive) nature of stochastic numerical modeling naturally leads one to look for efficient and/or convenient methods for integrating stochastic differential equations. Concomitantly, one ...

Abstract: Hakim and Torn (HT) presented a statistical piecewise potential vorticity (PV) regression technique that uses flow-dependent analysis covariances from an ensemble square root filter to statistically infer the relationship ...

Abstract: The authors simulate climate change for 1951?2050 using the GISS SI2000 atmospheric model coupled to HYCOM, a quasi-isopycnal ocean model (?ocean E?), and contrast the results with those obtained using the same atmosphere ...

Abstract: A method is described for rapidly computing the amount of solar energy absorbed at the earth's surface and in the atmosphere as a function of altitude. The method is a parametric treatment, but the form of the solution and ...

Abstract: The polarization of reflected sunlight is computed for model atmospheres of Venus as a function of location on the apparent planetary disk. The calculations are for both homogeneous (uniformly mixed) and layered models, ...