Abstract: Using over 1.6 million profiles of salinity, potential temperature, and neutral density from historical archives and the international Argo Program, this study develops the three-dimensional field of multidecadal linear ...

Abstract: eproducing characteristics of observed sea ice extent remains an important climate modeling challenge. This study describes several approaches to improve how model biases in total sea ice distribution are quantified, and ...

Abstract: AbstractThe Southern Ocean surface has freshened in recent decades, increasing water column stability and reducing upwelling of warmer subsurface waters. The majority of CMIP5 models underestimate or fail to capture this ...

Abstract: ven in the absence of external forcing, climate models often exhibit long-term trends that cannot be attributed to natural variability. This so-called climate drift arises for various reasons including the following: ...

Abstract: AbstractThe 2011?16 California drought illustrates that drought-prone areas do not always experience relief once a favorable phase of El Niño?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) returns. In the twenty-first century, such an ...

Abstract: nderstanding observed changes to the global water cycle is key to predicting future climate changes and their impacts. While many datasets document crucial variables such as precipitation, ocean salinity, runoff, and ...