Abstract: Current methods used for estimating the volume of pit excavation assumes that the ground profile between the grid points is linear (based on the trapezoidal rule), or nonlinear (based on Simpson's 1/3 and 3/8 formulas). ...

Abstract: In highway, railway, canal, and pipeline locations, the horizontal curves employed at points of change in direction are arcs of circles. A circular curve can be described by seven principal elements: (1) Radius of the ...

Abstract: This paper presents two novel concepts to improve the precision of global positioning system (GPS). First, observations of the low cutoff angle are applied to GPS positioning for obtaining more information to enhance ...

Abstract: In recent decades, the spreadsheet and computer-aided mapping are the major tools for track alignment design. These traditional methods can meet the design criteria, but when the design factors and the change order must ...