Abstract: The time of onset of the initial electrification in a thunderstorm cell has been correlated with the appearance of the initial radar (3 cm) precipitation-echo. The results show that precipitation is a necessary, but not ...

Abstract: Photographs have been taken at night from an airplane at an altitude of 20 km looking directly down on the tops of thunderclouds illuminated by lightning. The hard, cauliflower-like appearance of the clouds gives evidence ...

Abstract: The Met Office unified forecast?climate model is used to compare the properties of simulated climatological cloud regimes with those produced in short-range forecasts initialized from operational analyses. The regimes are ...

Abstract: Motion pictures have been taken at night by astronauts on the space shuttle showing lightning discharges that spread horizontally at speeds of 105 m s?1 for distances over 60 km. Tape recordings have been made of the ...

Abstract: A description of the known physical properties of a thunderstorm reveals that active charge separation occurs during that stage of the storm's life-cycle in which the growth of graupel by the accretion of supercooled ...

Abstract: The reduction of systematic errors is a continuing challenge for model development. Feedbacks and compensating errors in climate models often make finding the source of a systematic error difficult. In this paper, it is ...

Abstract: In order to determine how to achieve orders of magnitude improvement in spatial and temporal resolution and in sensitivity of satellite lightning sensors. better quantitative measurements of the characteristics of the ...

Abstract: In the fall of 1992 a lightning direction finder network was deployed in the western Pacific Ocean in the area of Papua New Guinea. Direction finders were installed on Kapingamarangi Atoll and near the towns of Rabaul and ...

Abstract: The Cloudnet project aims to provide a systematic evaluation of clouds in forecast and climate models by comparing the model output with continuous ground-based observations of the vertical profiles of cloud properties. ...