Abstract: ystematic biases in historical expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data are examined using two datasets: 4151 XBT?CTD side-by-side pairs from 1967 to 2011 and 218 653 global-scale XBT?CTD pairs (within one month and 1°) ...

Abstract: ecause they make up 56% of ocean temperature profile data between 1967 and 2001, quantifying the biases in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data is fundamental to understanding the evolution of the planetary energy and ...

Abstract: Historical bathythermograph datasets are known to be biased, and there have been several efforts to model this bias. Three different correction models of temperature bias in the historical bathythermograph dataset are ...

Abstract: AbstractTime-varying biases in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) instruments have emerged as a key uncertainty in estimates of historical ocean heat content variability and change. One of the challenges in the development ...

Abstract: AbstractThe difficulty in effectively evaluating sea surface temperature (SST) analyses is finding independent observations, since most available observations have been used in the SST analyses. In this study, the ocean ...

Abstract: AbstractThe monthly global 2° ? 2° Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) has been revised and updated from version 4 to version 5. This update incorporates a new release of ICOADS release 3.0 (R3.0), a ...

Abstract: cean heat content (HC) is one of the key indicators of climate variability and also provides ocean memory critical for seasonal and decadal predictions. The availability of multiple operational ocean analyses (ORAs) now ...