Abstract: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a progressive disease in which minerals accumulate in the tissue of the aortic valve cusps, stiffening them and preventing valve opening and closing. The process of valve calcification ...

Abstract: Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common type of congenital heart disease, occurring in 0.5–2% of the population, where the valve has only two rather than the three normal cusps. Valvular pathologies, such as aortic ...