Abstract: he meridional overturning circulation (MOC) can be considered to consist of a downwelling limb in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and an upwelling limb in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) that are connected via western boundary ...

Abstract: he Sverdrup relationship when applied to the Southern Ocean suggests that some isopycnals that are deep in the eastern Pacific will shoal in the Atlantic. Cold waters surfacing in the South Atlantic at midlatitudes would ...

Abstract: The quasigeostrophic equations formulated using the Charney?Phillips vertical staggering of variables are well known to possess an analog of the form of conservation of potential vorticity. It is shown that a similar analog ...