Abstract: Two types of models, coupled and uncoupled, are currently used to determine the extent to which it is necessary to bury subsea pipelines deeper than the maximum expected depth of ice gouges. In the uncoupled model, the ...

Abstract: Engineers often model pipe/soil interaction events based on the concept of subgrade reactions originally proposed by Winkler. Engineering models often utilize beam and nonlinear/plastic spring elements to represent pipelines ...

Abstract: In cold environments, marine pipelines may be at risk from ice keels that gouge the seabed. Large quantities of material are displaced and soil deformations beneath a gouge may be substantial. ...