Abstract: The methods commonly used for sampling the coarser surface layers of gravel‐bed streams are reviewed. It is found that while an areal sample is biased toward the coarser grains compared with a volumetric sample of the same ...

Abstract: The response of a gravel bed reach to imposed steady flows is examined under nonequilibrium conditions, where the bedload inflow is zero. Experimental research to date and general mathematical models for nonequilibrium ...