Influence of Heat Treatment on Fretting Wear Behavior of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Inconel 718 Alloy

Abstract

This research paper focuses on the fretting wear characteristics of self-mated laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)-produced Inconel 718 alloy, with the primary aim of characterizing its distinct wear-rate in relation to fretting cycles. This study investigates both the as-built and heat-treated Inconel 718 Superalloy. Experiments were conducted under aggressive contact conditions, involving a flat-on-flat contact pressure of 100 MPa (1645 N) and a temperature of 650 °C sustained over a million cycles. From the preliminary observation, the microstructure reveals that the heat-treated L-PBF alloy has denser and harder precipitates than its as-built counterpart. This indicates that heat-treated alloy is much harder (470 HV0.3) than the as-built Inconel 718 (275 HV0.3). The heat treatment process resulted in the precipitation of beneficial strengthening phases like γ′ and γ″, along with maintaining stable carbides (NbC). Notably, the heat-treated material displays an approximately two-fold lower wear-rate (0.103 μm/cycle at the end of 1000 k cycles) compared to the as-built material (0.238 μm/cycle), attributed primarily to its high strength characteristics. Additionally, the heat-treated material demonstrates a reduced steady-state friction coefficient (0.34) in contrast to the as-built material (0.37), owing to its inherent capability to form a uniform and stable lubricious glaze oxide layer. Both as-built and heat-treated systems show dominant adhesive wear mechanisms along with localized abrasion resulting from the combination of oxidation and cyclic wear processes.