Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials Released into the Atmosphere

Abstract

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are manufactured for use in nanoproducts and during the lifecycle are released as waste nanoparticles (size <100 nm). The ENMs pose risks to workers and consumers, and when they become airborne, they cause broader effects on the environment and human health. Its increasing proportion in the atmosphere is a potential threat. In this, the past studies are reviewed to identify the types, effect-initiating properties, potential exposure pathways, and determine the effects on humans and atmospheric environment. The ENMs could be more hazardous than silica and asbestos because they are manufactured with specific properties and synthetically developed for wide applications. ENMs such as metals, metal oxides, and quantum dots are biopersistent, whereas fullerenes and single-walled carbon nanotubes cause adverse effects but have a shorter life span. The airborne ENMs may have modified properties and toxicological effects. Therefore, the knowledge of the inhalation toxicity of specific ENMs needs consideration in human exposure assessments.